En iso 12100

In such situations care must be taken to ensure that safety is maintained at all times, and this is aided by Sub-clause 5. EN Safety of machinery. General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards deals specifically with the guarding design, but the subject is also covered to a lesser extent in EN ISO Clause 5. Safety distances to prevent hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs.

Where fixed guards are held in place by fasteners, Sub-clause 5. This poses an interesting problem for designers intending to use guards installed from above, where gravity would be capable of holding the guards in position. Clause 6, 'Information for use,' outlines what shall be provided.

Note that Clause 6. Fifty documents are listed but, as has been shown above, some of these have since been with withdrawn and superseded. Or said in another way; how much harm they can do. Let me first point out what a risk is and how it is defined in the ISO standard. This is how the standard defines risks:. And by harm they mean physical injury or damage to health.

When we talk about risks, we talk about not only the chances of people getting injured or damaged to their health, but also how severe these injures and health issues can be. The first step is for you to determine the limits of your machine. You have to establish the limits of the risks involved in the operation of your machine.

These limits can be divided into 3 different types of limits:. So what does it mean that you should find the limits of use? It means that you should describe both the normal use of the machine and the potential misuse of the machine.

This is called limits because it is here you find out where you should focus on safety and where not to. You are looking for the limits of your machine in terms of use, space and time. An important thing you also want to include in the limits of use is the people involved in the machine.

This includes operators, employees and other people where chances are they will use the machine. What you include here is a relevant description of these people. For how long will they use the machine?

And with what materials eg. How competent are they? Here, you should focus on relevant information that relates to the use and misuse of your machine. For example, by describing the experience of the operator, you will have a better chance of understanding how he will understand the machine.

If you have a machine dealing with advanced technology, the operator might not always understand how the machine does what is does. When you know about these things you can build a much safer machine, because you are making it safe for the operator.

Next step is to determine the limits of space. This is the physical limits of your machine. Meaning how much space it will take up, and how much space is needed for operation and maintenance. One very important aspect of the space limits are the range of movements. If your machine has movable parts you have to determine the space they take up, also called range of movements. A good example of this could be a robot arm. How much space does it take up to move around? The last type of limits you have to determine is the limits over time.

What is the expected life time of this machine? Over time your machine will wear out. This is important to describe to have estimates over how long different parts of the machine are expected to last. Maintenance intervals and cleaning has to be considered here too. You want to describe the life cycle of your machine. From design to installation, use, maintenance to disposal at the end.

When you have determined the limits of your machine, the next step is to identify the hazards. A hazard is a potential source of harm. This step is not just crucial. It the probably the most important step in the process of risk assessment. The obvious reason for this is that in this step, you have to identify all the dangerous situations that can arise.

It is absolutely necessary that all hazardous situations and events are described here. If you miss something here, you will also miss it in the following steps, where you have to eliminate or reduce the dangers. Hazards can be a lot of different things.

To help you along the standard provides you with a list of hazard examples divided into groups according to their type:. While some of these hazards are obvious to machine designers and machine builders, some of them requires special knowledge. As an example, noise hazards require knowledge about the human body and how noise can be a hazard when it reaches a certain level. The same is true for material an substance hazards. You need to know what substances that can be a possible hazard.

Remember that hazards are a potential source of harm — physical injury or damage to health. Harm can be a lot of things. Even a combination of these things. Heat and flammable substances together can be a very likely source of harm.

When you describe a hazard you want to include both the origin what causes the hazard and the potential consequences the harm it can make. A rotating knife is the origin of a potential hazard and cutting is the potential consequence. At last, you should also keep in mind that you are not just looking for hazards for the machine operator. You are looking for hazards to anyone that could possibly be using the machine. All these people where described in the first step where you determined the limits of machinery.

The scope for your hazard identification is exactly those limits you defined in the first step of risk assessment. When you identify hazards you should use the limits to define where you are searching for hazards.

Let me give some examples of the different types of hazards described in the ISO standard. Please note that these are just examples and there are many other hazards. Cutting, crushing, shearing and much more.

Mechanical hazards cover all hazards caused by mechanical parts of the machine. This includes everything from sharp edges to rotating and moving parts. A typical example of a mechanical hazard would be the pitch point of two gears. Free access to a running gear would be a hazard to consider. All hazards that involve electrical parts of the machine is an electrical hazard. Electrocution, arcs and thermal radiation are the obvious hazards here. Electrical hazards also includes parts that become live under fault conditions, overload, short-circuits and other hazards where the electricity is the indirect source of the hazard.

This standard contributes to the following Sustainable Development Goals :. CHF Buy. Life cycle Previously Withdrawn. Final text received or FDIS registered for formal approval. Proof sent to secretariat or FDIS ballot initiated: 8 weeks. Close of voting. Emergency stop function. The IFR defines four levels of collaboration between industrial robots and human workers: [7].

In most industrial applications of cobots today, the cobot and human worker share the same space but complete tasks independently or sequentially Co-existence or Sequential Collaboration. Co-operation or Responsive Collaboration are presently less common.

Cobots were invented in by J. Their US patent entitled 'Cobots' [9] describes 'an apparatus and method for direct physical interaction between a person and a general purpose manipulator controlled by a computer. Instead, motive power was provided by the human worker. Later cobots provided limited amounts of motive power as well.